"Firing up the charcoal burner in the early morning, in the dead of winter in Sapporo, on the island of Hokkaido. During the war, most vehicles--or at least the public and private vehicles that were allowed to operate--were powered by fumes from charcoal burning in a stove attached to the rear. Gasoline was reserved for the military and other essential activities. The outdoor temperature when this picture was taken was ten degrees below zero Fahrenheit." Photo taken in the late 1940s.

From: Bennett, John W. Doing Photography and Social Research in the Allied Occupation of Japan, 1948-1951: A Personal and Professional Memoir, 2002, http://library.osu.edu/
sites/rarebooks/japan/2_1_photos.html.