What is behavioral science?

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The following program is produced by the University of Michigan broadcasting service under a grant he
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made from the National Educational Television and Radio Center in cooperation with the
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National Association of educational broadcasters and infant
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science a program from the series human behavior social and
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medical research produced by the University of Michigan broadcasting service
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with special assistance from the Mental Health Research Institute at the University of Michigan.
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These programs have been developed from interviews with men and women who have the too
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often unglamorous job of basic research. Research in medicine the
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physical sciences social sciences and the behavioral sciences.
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Occasionally you will hear what may seem like strange or unfamiliar sounds.
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These are the sounds of the participants office his laboratory or clinic where the
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interviews were first conducted. Today we will meet the participants as
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they speak. My name is Glenn Phillips. A new
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science has appeared and infant science. It applies the
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scientific method that is examination measuring and testing to man himself.
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It is the behavioral sciences as medicine for example draws from many
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sciences knowledge pertaining to the health of man. So then does
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behavioral science draw from many disciplines the knowledge that each can contribute to the
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problems of understanding the behavior of man. What are the aims of the
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behavioral science. For that answer and for more specific answers to what the
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science is we go to the scientists themselves. First in answer to the
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question Do you have a theory of Behavioral Science Professor Harry
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Helsa of the University of California said.
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I wouldn't say that there is any single general theory of behavioral
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science. There have been general
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theories of behavior. Almost everybody
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now is familiar with the psychoanalytic
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approach. We've had behaviorism which has been
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a general approach to problems of behavior. And so
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on. The tendency now is to develop specific
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theories for specific areas or specific problems.
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And there I think we are going pretty much the way of the natural
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sciences. In general
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psychology today is almost universally regarded
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as the science of behavior. And behavior is
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a sufficiently broad term to encompass. The.
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Actions and performances of not only humans at all
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age levels but also of sub human and even sub
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mammalian species.
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Probably the all most
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general type of theory today in behavioral
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sciences is learning theory so-called
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sense behavioral scientists have to deal
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with the products all the learning since the way most of us act is
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a product of the culture the family the particular experiences
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to which we have been exposed. Learning theory tends to be about
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as close a general theory of behavioral science as anything we have.
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At least learning theory or certain types of learning theory have been taken
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over by other people in the social sciences for
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example by anthropologists by psychiatrists
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and others.
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And this was the belief of a practicing psychiatrist Dr Philip Hugh Roche in
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Philadelphia.
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Well as a representative of a
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medical discipline or better a medical psychological
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discipline I can only relate to you do that
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through the. Our own
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theory of behavior we attempt to explain it
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within within that theory and that this would be
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identified as a psychiatric or psychoanalytic theory
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that we attempt to understand the motivations
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of behavior. We do not attempt to explain why
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people commit acts that are antisocial
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or why people behave in any manner as a matter of fact. But we feel that we
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have sufficient theoretical constructions supported by
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sufficient clinical observation. Of behavior
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to allow us to attempt at least to
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explain people how people come
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about to do as they do so that the answer to your
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question will be yes that we have a special
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body of theory that we feel enables us to
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not only to to
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analyze behavior but in some measure to predict it
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from the University of Utah and an anthropologist view we heard from Professor
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Robert Anderson.
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Some investigators have felt the need for and an all
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embracing over embracing theory to cover the science of
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psychology sociology anthropology breast physiology.
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The University of Michigan has been the leader in this in this movement from my own
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point of view. I don't find the need at
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present of establishing a new super science. I think we ought to develop as
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far as we can with theoretical positions of our separate sciences. If
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I have strong feelings about this matter lies in this that there ought to be
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recognized an area called cultural science as opposed to an area
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called biological or sociological or psychological science. We often thought
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up our own Bally licks and then look for the relations between them rather than to
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establish a holding company the signs with a new theory.
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It seems clear that behavioral science is a multidisciplinary effort to study the actions of
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man and their relation one to another and their environment. I asked Dr.
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Ralph Tyler who is director of the Center for Advanced Study in the behavioral sciences
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in Palo Alto California.
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If I was correct in my belief that this was indeed a multidisciplinary approach
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you Commander talk about behavioral science as though it were one field of study and it
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is run in the sense that it is an effort to understand how and
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why human beings behave as they do. Or you may think of it as a
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collection of Sciences ranging from the biological the neurological for
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example trying to understand the brain and how it operates.
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So show concern with an understanding of the psychology of motivation
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why people learn and how they learn and what happens to the
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individual in this connection. Social in the sense of understanding more of the effect of
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groups upon human behavior we've talked a good deal for example these days about the
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danger of too much conformity. The organization man was a
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volume that brought to our attention the danger that individuals would
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lose their individual creativity and originality by being
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submerged in the total organization. Now all this range.
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From the biological through the social and including
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mathematics as a tool to help understand and to bring order out of the data.
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All this range can be thought of as a collection of Sciences which
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together can bring more understanding of human behavior here at the center we try each
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year to bring in people from this total range. They have some
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things in common they are concerned with some common problems for example
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almost every year there has been a group of six to 10 people
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whose primary concerns were about mental health. Understanding
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more about the social factors in mental health as well as the biological
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What what is there about the brain that may result in mental illness. What is there about
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the individual's own strivings and his own psychology that may affect
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his health. What is there about the society in which he lives the family
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the groups to which he belongs that may bring greater tensions and make it difficult for
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him to maintain stability and to be healthy in that sense. We have also
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quite often had groups that were primarily concerned with the
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study of language behavior. How do
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we get a language what is the problem of communicating from one group of
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people to another over the boundaries of different languages. What are the rays in
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which the nature of the language of a people determines how they think in the
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sort of conclusions they can reach. Because since we do think with language the structure
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of that language makes a good deal of difference in determining the limits of the kind of
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thinking we can do. Typically two we have had people that have been concerned with
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the the more basic problems of
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our ecology that is higher as a human being.
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React in different kinds of environments to a fact. Does one kind of
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environment have in contrast to another. What are the conditions required for a person
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to be able to use his environment effectively rather than to be controlled by it
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so that he becomes just a pawn rather than a real human being who can do things on
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his own. We've often had persons that are
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here together as groups interested in the problems of the
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economic development of underdeveloped areas because economic development is
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not just getting knowledge about production and distribution it is not just getting
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economics. It also affects the kinds of beliefs people have
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the sort of practices they follow at home and in their social
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institutions the kind of education they carry on understanding all of
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this in relation to how a nation may move ahead to increase its
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productivity and to become able to afford the kind of standards of living that
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make for health and well-being. These are other illustrations so that I believe we
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would say that there is as time goes on an
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increasing understanding of these various facets and we are getting in that
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sense a greater unified science of human behavior. But at the
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present time we have a group of Sciences each approaching the problems from
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its own points of view and each giving only part of the knowledge that we need
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with the many disciplines playing such a large role in this study.
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What will be demanded of the scientists of the future. Will specialisation continue or
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will a greater degree of proficiency in several areas be required.
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Dr. Max Milliken of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology stated yes this
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is a very very difficult problem. The question
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confronting a man who wants to be a behavioral scientist shall he specialize
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as shall he. In one of the traditional disciplines shall he attempt to learn a little
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bit about all of the disciplines.
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There are terrible dangers in both directions. If he's really trying to
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understand human behavior human behavior is inherently complex. It's partly
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psychological It's partly sociological it's partly political it's partly economic and
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if you're trying to understand a society or even a small
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institution or even an individual he really ought to know something about all of
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these disciplines to get a full understanding. On the other hand these
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disciplines are themselves. Each of them complex involve a detailed
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detailed modes of analysis of their own. And he's in serious danger if you get sort of a
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smatter of each of them and not understanding any of them.
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So there is this awful dilemma that faces all of us I'm faced with it myself personally because
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the area which I'm mainly concerned with is trying to understand what's going on in the
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underdeveloped countries. This requires
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an understanding of the psychology of the transition from traditional society to
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modernity it requires an understanding of the political process of the social process
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of a great deal of the psychological strains that these things involve as well as an
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understanding of the things that I learned in my own professional training about the economics of economic
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development. On the other hand if you try to cover all of these
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fields you neither understand economics nor the psychology of any of the other things
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so that what I think is called for really is a kind of compromise.
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I think it's going to continue to be necessary for each professional who wants to
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become a behavioral scientist to pick a discipline which will be his prime
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specialty and to develop thorough and complete competence in that
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discipline.
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I think you must then be exposed to enough of the other social science
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disciplines so that at least who knows what they're about and knows what he
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doesn't know about them. And then I think we've got to move into a period when
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research in the social sciences will be very much more largely group
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research and much less individual research than in the past
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research in which you get a series of people each of whom not only knows one
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discipline thoroughly but understands enough of its connections with the
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other disciplines so that he can communicate with the specialists in other fields and work
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jointly with them on the same subject Dr Raymond
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Bauer of Harvard said.
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That's already happened. I got my Ph.D. 10 years ago. Even if I
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remembered all of the math I had. Statistics that I had at the
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time I would still be hopelessly outdated. If I wanted to be up to date
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today I have to take a year off to study mathematics.
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Are we perhaps entering an era that we could call one of the scientific liberal arts
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education. But I think we are.
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It's interesting that the even within science and engineering there's a
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recognition that knowledge is changing so fast that the
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person trained only as a neuro specialist is likely to find himself obsolete
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halfway through his career. We are finding this and the Russians are finding
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this here at MIT for example. We are in the process of a radical revision of our
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curriculum which is exactly the opposite direction from specialization. When a
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man came here to study electrical engineering 10 15 years ago
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he had to choose as a freshman or a sophomore one of five or six or
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seven options in which he would concentrate intellectual electrical engineering he'd be a power man or
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he'd be an Electron tube man or he'd be a circuit man or something of this kind.
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Now our whole electrical engineering curriculum has been completely revised. Everybody takes the same
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thing and they take mostly fundamental physics Fundamental mathematics.
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And enough of the sort of basic understanding of the
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sciences so that as engineers they can specialize later
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but when their particular specialization begins to be obsolete because of new
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scientific developments they won't be lost now exactly the same thing I think is going to apply
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to the social sciences I think.
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One of the things it means is inevitably that the period of
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education is going to have to be extended still more. I think people will have to begin
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their narrow specialization at a later stage
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even than they have in the past because their background knowledge of fundamentals
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and rather across the board has got to be very much more profound.
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In Redwood City California at the end Pax corporation Dr. Alex babblings
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had this to say.
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I think that. In the social sciences more and
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more of the problems that are. Interesting and exciting tend to
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lie between are not wholly within one IQ Demick disciplined
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traditional discipline. And I think already there have been some
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some changes in universities. One can find now
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men who are majoring in psychology who have a
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background of engineering and this is considered quite helpful. The role of
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mathematics and psychological theorizing has grown considerably
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and more graduate students are getting a much better background in mathematics I think this is
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this is inevitable. Actually that question would be yes.
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This is not to say that we can pin our hopes entirely on
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interdisciplinary research. Most
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of which takes place in groups. Composed of individuals who have had their
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basic training in a given discipline and such groups. The problem of communication become
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rather difficult. I think you're right in suggesting that in the long run
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a broader education. For. The researcher is going to be
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necessary.
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And once again on the same subject Professor Bower spoke.
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I think we're caught in the same bind that everybody's caught and there's some pay off for being
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broader and there's some payoff for being there or I suspect that the.
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Period of training will increase. This just seems to be creeping up all over the
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place.
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And that there will be some attempt to make people both more intensive and more extreme.
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But. I don't think it's possible let's say that.
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The payoff will be in either one direction or the other. Are you going to have some people who are going to have spread out
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and some are going to have to.
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Continue to be know and work very intensively. Now I think that the
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developments of Michigan. And General Systems Theory are an example of
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really spreading out. That is to work and.
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To work on the line that is being done at Michigan by Dr Miller and his associates.
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Why you have to.
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Be part biologist sociologist physiologist psychologist.
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What they're doing is. Studying the characteristics of simple systems.
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On a whole variety of levels of organization and Professor
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George Homans of Harvard University's sociology department. Made this
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remark in the value of multidisciplinary study.
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I can't see that it's done any great harm.
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What do you think is going to do any great good.
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One of the behavioral sciences perhaps the most advanced of the behavioral sciences is.
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Economics. And it seems to me
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clear that as a result of the. Developments in
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economics over the last. 30 years or so there is a better
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understanding of. How the economic system works and
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what's necessary to keep it in in some kind of.
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Equilibrium without. Too tremendous ups and downs. A
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better knowledge of this and wave we had before. So I think if. If this is
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something that we value and most of us do why economics has certainly been a good thing.
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I think the I think the same thing is probably true of
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psychology that where a lot more humane by my standards
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in. Dealing with the mentally sick and we have been in the
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past I don't know how many. Positive cures
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the knowledge of modern psychology has brought about. But the
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general way of understanding and treating people has by my standards
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certainly improved and I think that modern psychology has from
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Freud on has got a great deal to
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pat itself on the back for Professor Homans also spoke of the way
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by which one discipline might compliment another sociology
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conceivably it would be of benefit to.
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Psychology because after all. People are always working
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as a living as individuals in social context and a better
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understanding of the kinds of social pressures a person might have to adjust
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to. Would clearly be or should be a
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a benefit to the psychologist who is trying to
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produce. Individuals with better mental health.
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In the same way out. Of. A cycle of sociology.
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Because it's my subject I speak of it conceivably could. And I think it has
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man an advantage too. Two well
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economics and teaching economics the. Variety
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of different kinds of. Power for the behavior of
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goods that. Economics.
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Play deals with. One locale where much of the work is
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being conducted a is the center for the Advanced Study in the behavioral sciences in Palo
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Alto California. Dr. Ralph Tyler who is the director of the center
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discuss their work and explained their aims in this way.
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The Senate approved van study in the behavioral sciences was established six years
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ago. Through a grant made by the Ford Foundation. The
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purpose of the center is to provide a place where each year some 50
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outstanding scholars and scientists studying human behavior
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can come from their universities and other research centers to work
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both individually and in groups upon important problems in
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understanding human behavior better. The center provides a
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place where during the year that man is here he
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has no other responsibilities and study and research. He has no teaching or
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administrative responsibilities. It also provides him a chance to be in contact
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with other scholars and scientists from other parts of this country
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and from abroad who are working on the same problems he is so that they can learn from
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each other during the time they are here.
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A point which is often been touched upon is whether the need for less on people between various
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disciplines might be beneficial. And this was discussed by Dr. MILLIKEN.
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Yes I think that's right I think they do have to be more people like that although again I
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wouldn't carry the division of labor too far. I would say I'd rather put it a slightly
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different way.
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I think it would be better if the.
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Oh I read most of the individuals in gauged in
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scientific research social or natural were generalists for
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a somewhat larger fraction of their time than has been the case traditionally in the past
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and specialists for a somewhat smaller fraction. I think they stood still
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exceedingly desirable for individuals to develop a specialty because only by
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working through in detail the very hard business of trying
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to be as precise as possible about a relatively narrow area. Can you get a clear picture of the
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limits of knowledge in the areas that you don't clearly understand.
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One other thing I'd like to say about this that I think is very important and that is
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that we mustn't be rigid in defining what our specializations
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are. One of the ways in which we get more interconnections between disciplines
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is for people to develop new specialties which borrow a little from one another from another. Just as is
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happening currently it's now perfectly respectable to be a bio physicist. A few years
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ago this was much less respectable You were either a biologist or you were a physicist.
[25:56 - 26:01]
But now by knowing a little less physics and a little less biology but a great deal more about certain of the
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areas where the two overlap you develop a specialization which is just as narrow in a way
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as the parents from which it sprung but which fills in a Gap builds a bridge
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between those two.
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In response to a question Is science entering a dawn of a new era. Professor
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Homans commented I don't know.
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By the end of this year I should think it might be pretty dormant but I just think the
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dorm was likely to be coming. I do not despair of that.
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If as Professor Homans implies science is flirting with mysteries of man and then the
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future should indeed be filled with many new and interesting discoveries.
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What can they do for world peace.
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We contemplate the president dies now or is asked for a science for
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peace. The issues which can be attacked by behavioral science are the human
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ones whose solution can guide world affairs along the course from Cold War to ultimate
[27:00 - 27:05]
peace. These are the most crucial of the many applied problems to which the sciences of
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man address themselves. There's been almost no
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systematic research in behavioral science concerning international relations and diplomacy
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negotiation the prevention of war or the operation of arms control systems.
[27:20 - 27:25]
Yet the most striking diplomatic successes have been mixtures of technology in politic.
[27:25 - 27:29]
Such was our Open Skies proposal and our atoms for peace plan
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human technologies can also be employed. Behavioral scientists could
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make a specific contribution in their ads. The strength
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of a nation depends on its technical immaterial asset and on the scientific research which
[27:45 - 27:50]
constantly expands these physical resources. But national strength is equally
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dependent upon human factors which determine how effectively physical resources are
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you. The hell the morale and the motivation of the population as
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well as the formal and informal organization of the society the well-being and
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happiness of its citizens are goals of a democratic society rather than mere means
[28:09 - 28:14]
for an attainment of greater material strength and the productivity of society is
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dependent upon all these human factors which are the subject of study of
[28:19 - 28:23]
the behavioral sciences. Next week you will hear
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research and the government's role. On the next program from the series.
[28:29 - 28:33]
Human behavior social and medical research consultant for this
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program was Dr. James G Miller was director of the University of Michigan's Mental
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Health Research Institute to whom we extend our special thing
[28:42 - 28:48]
plan Philip speaking asking that you join us next week and thanking you for being with us
[28:48 - 28:50]
at this time.
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This program has been produced by the University of Michigan broadcasting service under a grant in
[28:54 - 28:59]
aid from the National Educational Television and Radio Center in cooperation with the National
[28:59 - 29:04]
Association of educational broadcasters. This is the NEA E.B. Radio
[29:04 - 29:05]
Network.