Episode 13: The Lion and the Eagle

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We're a
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bit like.
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Emerging from a memorable immovable path. Britain today
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faces the formidable task of defining the future.
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And this is our story a story of longer
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stands can tell a lie and this is bottom
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apparition. Yesterday his profile turns.
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Mrs..
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Temple transition. In London's comic strip in
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company and. Rhythm.
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Of a new revolution in Britain.
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Programme 13 the lion and the eagle.
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Indiana University Radio documented essay about contemporary
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Britain. We present the shadow of the lion with William
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Kinzer as your net writer.
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I didn't stay in America in eight in a plane
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bound up together. I mean that would be no possibility of
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any but that knowing and Paul any breaking away from the
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American Now over the
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years the something dirty of Anglo-American relations has weathered a widening
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world of differences.
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Up close through mutual conflicts into common language. The two countries
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have in this center you cemented ties that would seem to most Bond
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unbreakable.
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As Malcolm Muggeridge observes August day in America
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in Aden a plane bound up together.
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Yes in the homes and shops of Wolverhampton Mar Sheffield
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Cardiff or coach Esther there are this very day reservations
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and the talk over team may take America to task for its actions and
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influence and psycho naturists or the Middle East.
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I think there are very mixed feelings in Britain about the United States.
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Norman Mackenzie is a sociologist at the University of Sussex.
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He tells you there's a good deal of I think of an
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easy Association of feeling we are
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more or less the same part of the world and we do think more or less the same way a feeling that we
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will rub along together as Churchill once said in some fashion.
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But there is a good deal of feeling of not in the galaxy but
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suspicion of America very often a suspicion of American motives suspicion of American
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actions and well it has.
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And this feeling you find is aggravated by the humiliating turn of
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events that has seen Britain stripped of her mantle as a world power
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for it's not too difficult to remember when Britain was the world
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Malcolm Muggeridge recalls. It was 1924. He had taken
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a boat to India. He was 21 at the time.
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And everywhere the boats docked with British sea all the way
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to India. Everywhere the Union Jack. Where the hood of that
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car in my lifetime said that in times of
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international power authority we had to climb and we've become a small
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island off the coast of Europe. Haunted by
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dreams of ganja. But actually they are just
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one of the people.
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And so it is a Britain smaller now on the map of the influential
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nations feels the pressure of great political powers and faces
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the quandary of assessing her own position in the contemporary struggle for
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world survival I think that at the moment
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the average British feel is that very much as though he is in the meat
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sandwich that he is the meat between two pieces of bread that he has
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between America and Russia.
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The insight of British social worker urban Scots of Bradford. And in
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Scotland at the University of Strathclyde the professor by the name of D.T. Patterson
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analyzes the philosophical position in which Britain finds herself.
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Professor Patterson observes that America is obsessed with goodness and
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freedom but the front the recent one comes the more he finds the stress
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on duty. Or to put it another way the decision of right or
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wrong. The epitome of this of course is Russia and Russia.
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Well there there isn't any good you're doing right or you're not who you think you know it right or you're right or
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wrong.
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This is why you see in the Russia we believe that Americans
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are wrong. In America you see that actually in the bad
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you see my point.
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Even better we stand how we will be tween and this is that this is a
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bloody difficult situation for Britain and the British. I just I'm
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struck we're really I'm strong on the one hand english
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speaking cousins so to speak don't you the same culture accentuating goodness and
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freedom and everything else when we're here and I think there's that
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accent on duty and rightness and wrongness but you know feet of
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where are we going now we don't know yet.
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Geographically a part of Europe. Britain has felt that pull of
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America. Right from the beginning of this century.
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So explains the director of the Center for Contemporary Cultural Studies at the
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University of Birmingham Richard Hoggart Professor Hoggard will tell
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you that many of Britain's working class had relatives in the United States during the
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1900s and an opinion was formed of the new world across the
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Atlantic.
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The states often represented a sense of opportunity a place
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where the class system wasn't so strong. Well you and I and of the squire or the
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established show what you will and where a man could stand up more and
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have more opportunity to get ahead by his own gifts. This was part of the
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general folklore which made working class people. It
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seems to me a problem to sympathize more with America.
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Most Britons however were adamant in their feelings that nothing
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equaled that the greatness of Great Britain and her empire and that he
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had cause for conceit. Victorian England was the epitome of
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manners and social grace. Europe the center of intellectual
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activity America. Well at best life there
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seemed raw and uncivilized.
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After the first war with the appearance of the cinema
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then American culture American popular culture. Hits British
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life especially the working class level very hot and continuous
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so that I grew up in a world after the first two I grew up in a world in which
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the pace setter in styles new forms of language
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dress man as a whole lot of things entertainment was America. This was the
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lively and ejected exciting country.
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The motion picture its true created an awareness of American life.
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If but a Hollywood version of tinsel and toe tapping escapism
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penthouse glamour and gangsterism and then with World War
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Two came embassadors in O D. The American G.I. and
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Britons were able to obtain their impression of first hand. Some were
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favorable and fast friendships resulted but too often
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cocky unthinking Yanks created a boisterous unfeeling image
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of the ugly American whose Texas and paycheck seemed all out of
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proportion. A favorite British complaint was their overpaid
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overfed oversexed and over here.
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Britons have had their idealistic picture of America and Americans
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cheated by the Americans. They've met and so have the
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Continentals Irvin Scott remembers a visit to Germany and to being
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invited by a townsman to have a drink.
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We sat down we had a drink together and we talked and I was the drinks flow and he
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his tongue with loosened and he asked me about it and why I was here and so
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forth and he finally made a statement. Dang Linda is that believed
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the Englishman is very popular here. Naturally I was pleased about this and said Why.
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And he made a statement I think which was printed with meaning when he said
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the American. Comes here and he flashes it money
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they do and does not try to buy friendship.
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Americans abroad are a funny lot. Overwhelmed by Europe they try
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desperately to please but too often present a backslapping overly
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exuberant caricature of generosity and to pull us. And when
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rejected as they often are. Americans are surprised
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and more than a little hurt.
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I would say the great divisions between English and American the is that the
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English when they were on top of the world the one thing they really enjoyed was
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being courted or disliked by everybody. They knew that everybody loathed them and they
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thoroughly enjoyed it. You read the memoirs of English men in the 1900s
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travelling about Europe. Nothing gave them great depression they had the knowledge
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that everywhere they went they would and.
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That was the Americans who inherited debates and opposition to the ALP they
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combat the idea that they have no knob by all that the world
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has come to distrust if not dislike the American image and yet
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a way of life that is a part of this image the luxury of I see efficiency
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and affluence and super imposed itself on society the world over.
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Britain included what is called the American way of life is
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rapidly encroaching. Upon England and Western Europe said that in a
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relatively short time we should be indistinguishable from America our culture their
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film the television.
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Popular literature on is American.
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And of course American power is such that this carries enormous prestige
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even with people who have to be anti-American sentiment.
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But if you dislike some aspects of American life.
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Norman McKenzie of the University of Sussex.
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They feel it's often too commercialized to jazz to Madison
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Avenue and yet the very things that are the product of all that often the things the English people want
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themselves they want the cars they want the washing machines they'll even prepared to accept the commercials on the television.
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Alastair Cook once observed that America shocks the phone then
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beguiles him then seduces him. And this magnetism
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of modern living reaches into faraway lands for more than a decade now
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Britons have been X or bleed drawn into an undertow of 20th century
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change supermarket central heating drive ins dispensing
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machines high rise buildings and installment buying have
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become the hallmark of a new age which many do not applaud
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and too often it's labeled American when in reality it has little to
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do with the United States as a nation. Instead it represents
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material wealth that has resulted from great technological strides
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at the forefront of which has been the United States. Britain's
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leading American ologist her dentist broken has said what is called
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Americanization in the rest of the world is largely modern
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industrialization. He and others would be quick to point to
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a great wealth of natural resources in the United States to the upsurge of
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mechanisation in America and to the immense domestic market.
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These are the factors that have created a standard of living envied and
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emulated all over the world.
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And so you have side by side with this rather slavish
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and edifying copying of America.
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You have a great deal of
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under ground or overt hostility
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to America.
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So in the homes and shops of Wolverhampton nor Sheffield
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Cardiff or Colchester there are rumblings of discontent
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as Malcolm Muggeridge would suggest when one of your space efforts
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goes wrong.
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More people than you would know in this country and in Western Europe generally who are delighted because
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it's gone wrong it's a stupid reaction. But it's rather that they take
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instinctively the. The feeling that
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Americans are on top everywhere I know is that if you have a
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disaster and you have a red vest in Viet Nam a lot of people
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here who are rather pleased they might not even be conscious of that body
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I might say were bad luck. But actually that a rather creative thought
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feeling and the feeling isn't new.
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Where ever powerful nations have held sway. Rome and Napoleonic
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France Britain herself. They soon became despised
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distrusted and defiled and with a by disillusionment
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animosity or envy people of the world were prone to think hard
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thoughts. In the case of Britain it has been particularly difficult for her to
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walk in the shadow of the United States to support a unilateral
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policy that is too often controversy and in the wake of
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serious problems at home many Britons complain about their country
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and their leadership. Some have even emigrated to Australia or to
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Canada bitterly disappointed are they at Britain's diminished
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role in world affairs. One described the country as the
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patient dog running mutant uncomplaining beneath the carriage
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wheels of America.
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In the course of time and Human Events such fears and
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faithlessness will be reckoned with. But the residue remaining the
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ill will the anger the gloom corrodes the values of truth
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and encourages generalities misunderstanding Britain's
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smarting under the twist of national fate have been quick to misjudge
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others and to themselves chastised by fears they have
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become overly introverted and this one Englishman acknowledged.
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We're tearing at our own wombs without really finding
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answers. We seem morbidly fascinated by our own collapse.
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Equally wrong us the way others have misjudged Britain. Richard Hoggart
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strong labor right.
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Feels Americans are not being told the true story of Britain today
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whilst admitting that much of our industry and commerce needs
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overhauling. Americans don't understand how much has been done and against what odds
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in major sectors of the economy. That's what I said. Secondly
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Americans are told by their press and their radio and television so much that the only
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form of country is that in which you have totally free competition virtually which
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looks to me very often like piracy. The Americans as a result of being told this
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again and again and again do not know the extent to which national provision
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nationalization or provision of education. Welfare
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medical care and all that real estate they don't have no idea of the extent to which that has
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succeeded.
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And Britain still lead the world in many quarters. They've received
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42 Nobel Prizes in science their most inventive having
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introduced to the world the many wonderful and far reaching achievements including the
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jet radar the vertical takeoff aircraft the hovercraft. The
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first nuclear power station in the arts. They have also
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excelled especially the theatre and lately the cinema they have
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blazed their own particular trail at the popular level. And
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American influence.
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Professor Hawking will tell you as the cinema declined an influence
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and as a whole lot of other forces took over so we at the popular level as I say and
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especially among teenagers we less and less take notice of American coaches
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because less and less a pacesetter there are exceptions to this a recent one is Bonnie and
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Clyde which has had a profound impact in Britain and is one of the
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first. Sharply effective pieces of American popular culture
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to help to set styles in Britain.
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Yes it's true. England has developed a new image a modern
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age individuality our youthful swinging self styled zest
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for living. So unlike the British stereotype and a key
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contribution to American knowledge of Great Britain in the 60s is the recognition
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of a stirring struggle for more than survival a feeling of
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future. And whether inspired by economic urgency or national
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foresight a searching analysis into a number of treasured institutions and
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traditions have given promise to the Britain of tomorrow. And
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this alone this long the hard look at even the hallowed sectors of
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British society is to Britain's credit and this has been a function
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of this series to mark the dimensions of a country in transition.
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To describe Britain's concern over such social entities as the
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automobile. All right.
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We think and our expert estimates that we may have doubled this number in
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about 10 years time situation going to 20 million. Now when you look
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at the map of this country and you look at the State of the towns and cities you can see for yourself
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that just ain't going to be enough road space to allow
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completely unrestrained use of the personal
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vehicle Town and Country Planning.
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We think that by building fairly modest size new towns what you can do is to
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create decent conditions for family life and efficient conditions for business enterprise.
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The new towns are very very successful in industrial and commercial terms.
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Education.
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Most of the selection of British schoolchildren for types of secondary
[21:12 - 21:17]
education which type they go into it is decided the age of 11 and this was a
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fairly arbitrary age it was taken for administrative reasons and pre-war
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years.
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It may be that we want to select them if we do select the mentor at different ages because of this
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area maturing. I don't know but this is the type of social problem and an educational problem that's coming up
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as a result of these changes.
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Even the church. In certain
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parts of the world it isn't difficult to rearrange so it's not so difficult to
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rearrange the life of the church so that it relates to the community as it now is but in
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our country we live within a legal straitjacket because of the establishment.
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And I would say that perhaps the most serious problem
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for the Church of England is its inheritance from the past symptoms
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of change.
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The rumble of the revolution the urgency to keep pace to
[22:10 - 22:14]
compose a solvent future to emerge from the entanglements of tradition and
[22:14 - 22:19]
to stand secure in a changing world and change
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is absolutely essential. It's happening in the pub in the palace in
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the outlook of the people. Gone are the follies of the Empire and the
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glories of the war left exposed are cold realities of a
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dame but different world. The Perilous economy a shrinking
[22:39 - 22:43]
Commonwealth the constriction of intense world competition. And
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where does Britain turn to America. Many would think
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not many would hope for a united Europe a bloc of trading nations of
[22:53 - 22:59]
economic strength to compete with the powers of the east and the West.
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Such a bloc was set up by the treaties of Rome in March 1957 it was
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called the East Sea or the European economic community or
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more commonly the Common Market. Britain distrustful of political
[23:13 - 23:18]
unification which might conflict with both British sovereignty and Commonwealth
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has proposed a looser Free Trade Association which was called EFTA.
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Two rifle trading blocks in Western Europe seemed unwise and indeed
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unnecessary in Britain. Both parties like public opinion
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itself were split on the issue. In 1961 the
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British government moved toward an application to the Common Market and
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throughout 1962 negotiations went forward with considerable
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success. But in January 1963
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General Charles de Gaulle abruptly demanded that negotiations end
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and I think with a fair and reasonable cleavage of you.
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To go to our part of the interest was to comply to the Treaty of Rome and we thought that our
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interests would get through that were changes in the Treaty of Rome. I'm going to yank him between
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close to recognize from the third or fourth for the Treaty of Rome. I
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likewise have bet that way but we've got a method of you and I would predict that in the next two or three
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years. There will be an agreement between the whole of Africa and the common market and these two
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groups will come together.
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This note of optimism was summed up by a prominent leader in the Conservative Party
[24:32 - 24:36]
Peter Walker in 1065. But in March of
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1066 de Gaulle pulled his troops out of neato a victory to
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American forces and devise widened further the breach with Britain.
[24:45 - 24:51]
Yet Britons had little choice. The majority feeling their fate was irrevocably
[24:51 - 24:56]
tied to the unity of Europe. So in a summer of optimism a
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new application to enter the European economic community was prepared
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and presented. And England awaited a winter of decision.
[25:08 - 25:12]
And the winter of 1967 was cold and bitter and
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the worst on record. And in Brussels there met the members of the
[25:17 - 25:22]
Common Market to discuss the matter. The atmosphere was hopeful.
[25:22 - 25:26]
And uncertain. Again. The shadow of De Gaulle crossed the
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proceedings as his French representative delayed the start of negotiations
[25:31 - 25:36]
and won small. The outcome appeared to do. But it was
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not an outright no. And the foreign minister of France even
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signed an agreement indicating that the six member countries would not object to
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Britain's eventually entering the flame of hope.
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Snuffed once and rekindled and. Still. Flickered.
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Back home in London in Leicester in Carlisle The reaction of the
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people was steeled to disappointment. Some had opposed entering the
[26:13 - 26:18]
European pact others were now losing interest. The first veto had
[26:18 - 26:23]
come as a shock had charted a dismal future had
[26:23 - 26:27]
indeed defined a foreign policy that placed Britain at the mercy of other
[26:27 - 26:32]
nations. It produced a curious nationalistic mood among the
[26:32 - 26:37]
populace and Britain became even more an island unto
[26:37 - 26:38]
herself.
[26:38 - 26:43]
Remember that a lot of British people rap's majority if not chauvinist at
[26:43 - 26:48]
least in shit like that 20 odd miles of water it makes an awful lot of
[26:48 - 26:48]
wind.
[26:48 - 26:53]
As Professor Hoggart suggests Britain as a part of Europe is only a
[26:53 - 26:58]
geographical phenomenon in every other way. She stands
[26:58 - 27:03]
alone. But can she stand alone.
[27:03 - 27:08]
Should she identify with Europe or might she wish to turn to America.
[27:08 - 27:13]
The last choice is doubtful indeed. Despite talk of a lengthy free
[27:13 - 27:17]
trade area which might link the States Canada and the United
[27:17 - 27:22]
Kingdom Britain will resist as long as she is able and
[27:22 - 27:27]
for good reason. For although it will mean a wider export market at world
[27:27 - 27:32]
prices it will also mean she will become more and more a
[27:32 - 27:34]
part of the United States.
[27:34 - 27:47]
Most Britons therefore prefer to feel that because of its proximity its
[27:47 - 27:51]
economic and cultural influence. Europe is the inevitable
[27:51 - 27:52]
choice.
[27:52 - 27:57]
Peter Walker For instance I think we will have much closer ties with the whole of
[27:57 - 28:01]
Western Europe and I hope palliating route in that Europe.
[28:01 - 28:06]
And as Walker explains Britain can serve a vital role as a
[28:06 - 28:09]
mediator between Europe and the United States.
[28:09 - 28:14]
And I have one of the things we will succeed in doing in that role of bringing about both
[28:14 - 28:20]
economic and political unity between the United States and Europe. And one rather
[28:20 - 28:23]
Britain complied to a greater extent than any other notion.
[28:23 - 28:27]
I think we have the job and indeed responsibility.
[28:27 - 28:33]
My nature and tradition Britain has been.
[28:33 - 28:37]
And no doubt will continue to be the type to Delilah and propounding and
[28:37 - 28:40]
identity all her own.
[28:40 - 28:44]
But nationalism is difficult and unfashionable.
[28:44 - 28:49]
And the 20th century and television have undercut British complacency
[28:49 - 28:54]
influences of change are everywhere and Britain's future as watery
[28:54 - 28:59]
light seen through a foggy evening project some glimmering hope a
[28:59 - 29:03]
possible Corson Daoud with the conviction of a people at war whose
[29:03 - 29:06]
individual banner reads backing.
[29:06 - 29:15]
Mike.
[29:15 - 29:20]
From Indiana University Radio we who presented the lion and the
[29:20 - 29:24]
eagle the final program of this special series The shadow of the
[29:24 - 29:29]
lion. These documented essays about contemporary Britain were
[29:29 - 29:35]
written and produced by Le Roy Bennett and narrated by William Kinzer.
[29:35 - 29:40]
Production assistants were John Hopkins and Tom Gray the engineer Jack
[29:40 - 29:44]
Tracy. This is John to make reminding you that your comments are cordially
[29:44 - 29:45]
invited.
[29:45 - 29:55]
The shadow of the lion has been a series made possible by an Indiana University
[29:55 - 30:00]
faculty research grant and is a presentation of Indiana University
[30:00 - 30:07]
Radio.
[30:07 - 30:11]
This program was distributed by the national educational radio network.