Communications barriers

I mean I couldn't quite make that out.

Well Don that was the one hundredth carbon copy of a man's voice.

Knowledge into this is this is actually there.

How did that sound. That was the 40th carbon I'd say that was sufficiently

clear.

A series of explorations in human communication conducted by professors John Prine

and annulled Nelson of the Department of English Western Michigan University where

minds meet is produced and recorded by WMU under a grant from the National

Association of educational broadcasters.

In a shrinking world where minds meet in words or not at all man

speech is his most decisive act. These discussions explore this

world of speech. Very topic for today is the

obstacle course distortion. Here are professors frind and

Nelson.

This is John freind and this is Donald Nelson.

Today we're concerned with failures in communication. What kinds of failures there are and

how we can avoid them.

And that recording of a man's voice that we just heard illustrates one kind of failure that which

is due to noise in the channel something like static. The effect of this

noise is to distort the message sometimes to destroy it completely.

Well as these are key terms John. Noise and distortion. Suppose we try to define them

first. I'd say that noises anything that impairs the message that changes it into

something else and static is is one example but it doesn't have to be sound.

The fuzziness in a typed carbon is also noise. The snow on a TV

screen that blurs the picture is another example or fog that prevents a driver from

seeing the road.

All of these and many more examples of noise later on in this program will give our

audience a chance to take part in an experiment in which even a message can act as noise

and not the other term distortion means simply the effect of noise on a

message.

Noise acting on a message produces distortion. Now this little experiment

we started out with we had to explain what we were trying to show. First of all

we recorded a man saying is this sufficiently clear. Then we made a copy by

recording that original a second copy was made from the first the third from the second and

so on.

One hundred fifty times what we played first in our opening was the 100 to the

one hundred fifty copies. Next we played the 40th copy. Well why don't we play now

the original. And the first ten copies to show the way noise in the store should gradually

increase.

Is this sufficiently clear. Is this sufficiently

clear. Is this sufficiently clear.

Is this sufficiently clear. Is this sufficiently

clear. Is this sufficiently clear.

Is this sufficiently clear. Is this sufficiently

clear. Is this sufficiently clear.

Is this sufficiently clear.

I noticed a little background noise. Typewriter I believe yes. And a

click probably made when the recorder was turned on.

But there isn't really much serious distortion of the message here. No the words don't become

seriously distorted until much later. Now if we play every twenty fifth copy

I'm sure the audience will see much more clearly the accumulated effects of noise.

Yes the static will increase the clicks will turn into thumps and the words

will become very difficult to make out.

Is this sufficiently clear. Is this

sufficiently clear. Just.

I suppose John that if we had made a thousand carbons the last would be nothing more than it

has everything would be flatten out so that every song would be like every other song.

Although our audience was probably able to make up the words of the hundred fifty a copy they were able to

do so only because they had heard what had gone before and knew what to listen for. But

in several experiments we conducted with this recording people who listened to the last copy first

weren't even able to recognise the sound as that of the human voice. Hearing it in reverse

order they weren't able to make up the words until the 90th copy.

Well from copies one hundred fifty back to 130 or so. Several of them said it

sounded like Tom Tom and I guess those were the clicks. It didn't sound to them like a voice

until they got back to about a hundred and tenth copy.

Well with those last copies they didn't know what to pay attention to. They didn't know what we

considered the message and what we considered the noise.

Well this leads us not directly to an experiment for our audience today. What we want to

demonstrate is that noise is defined by the listener noises anything the

listener doesn't want to hear.

Right because what we're going to do is read two jokes simultaneously. You

read one or the other and will ask the audience to pick whichever voice they want to and

try to listen. Then I have to block out the other one so that the one they listen to will be for

them the intended message and the other will act as noise.

We found this a little hard to get used to ourselves. Subjects that we experimented

with said that they had to make their choice quickly but if they focused on one voice they

found that they could separate them and follow one joke rather easily.

Well hear them are our two voices traveling across one channel at the same time listen to

one of them going to go out and spend all right out of

our rulings a lot of evenings little what any man in the club are getting with an elder and I didn't know he was

unable to answer. Littlejohn had several minutes to join him into

marker I finally they were why doesn't the ground I grew

mine after some were deliberate. He was called upon to lay on the radio and it was old and pulled

until as it was he set off again the bottom and it was up to

these below and I suggested to my brother but how do I get on the bottom then

another minute and he answered Barker.

In spite of all the noise you were making I could hear my joke why I didn't hear any noise at all

from my point of view but of one thing we can be sure nobody in our audience heard more

than one of these fine jokes so we had to do it again this time. They can try

focusing again.

If they missed both jokes or they can tune into the one that they were listening to

one minute late Center and the young going to go out and spend all right out of our rulings a lot I

love my evenings little what any man in the club are getting with an elder and what I didn't know he was unable to answer.

Littlejohn had several minutes to Parker and I finally they were why

doesn't the ground make you lose any object or go topper is not mine.

After some were deliberate he was called upon to lay down the reason why Holden pulled until as it

was he set off again the School starts at the bottom and it was up to these below

and I suggested to my brother but how do I get on the bottom but the mother missed

any I answered Barker.

I Neo What would you say now that this has to do with the main point of our program

today.

Well of course we want to show that noise is always present in communication. If you can

know in advance what kind of noise there will be as we have just shown it's possible to

cancel out its harmful effects in human communication. The listener frequently

has to determine for himself both what constitutes a noise and how to combat it.

Noises like weeds. If you're trying to raise carrots say and you have all

parsley intruding in the garden. Well the parsley is like a weed but if you're trying to raise

partially then the carrots are the weeds.

What do you say though that knowing in advance what the noise will be helps combat it.

But how does one know this in advance.

Well this is shown in the experiments with the jokes. As soon as the listener perceives

something about the structure of the message he's able to predict something about the rest of it. The

more he listens the easier it gets the more he listens.

The more redundancy there is in the message that's right as the message proceeds. Things are

repeated. Indeed would you call structure is redundancy. That is

regularity order perceivable pattern in language we call is

grammar right.

It's often said that the English language is about 50 percent redundant. That

means that in our grammar we repeat a piece of information approximately twice.

For example in the sentence all these man are thieves. The idea of

plural more than one is found in every word.

If a person were listening then with 100 percent efficiency once would be enough.

Write something like the man is thief. Yes it would be more

economical we might say but much more likely to suffer distortion. So the idea of

plural is actually presented five times for good measure. All

these men are thieves.

Yes well the structure of a message is all important. If the structure that is the

relationship of one part to another is not sharply defined then the message will

probably be distorted. And this is true of any message not just a sentence.

Well anybody who ever came into the middle of a movie knows this and we can we can

demonstrate this with our next experiment. We took a message and sent it through nine

people. That is you told a story to a student and asked him to tell it to another student

and so on. And thus we have nine copies a record of how much distortion

occurs and what kind.

Yes this of course is not a matter of mechanical noise. Each student in this experiment

delivered the message directly to the next one and each student was trying his best

to get the message from the one who told it to him and also to give an accurate me to the next person.

Now we want our audience to listen to this series and notice how

noise increases the distortion. But first let's play the message as it

was repeated by the last person in the series.

This story has to do with communications communication and how noise

affects communication. There's a story about two men riding on a bus.

The first man asked a second man if this station was

Webber while the second man thought the first man and said

Is this Thursday. The first man

thought the second man had said to him Are you thirsty.

This must be very confusing for our audience I think so the structure is a blur.

This means that our audience can't get the point can't tell noise from message.

They're the tenth man in the series so to speak. What would they tell number 11.

Well why don't we play the original as I told it to the first student. I think the original

message has a very clear structure. One of the obstacles to Clear

communication is noise when noise is present. The

speaker must contract that by making his message louder. Or by

making it clearer or by making it more often or even all

three.

Here's an old joke about this problem. Two men were seated together on a very

noisy bus. The bus was loaded with noisy children coming home from school.

The men didn't say much to one another because it was too hard to talk about all this racket.

One of them was looking out the window as the bus passed through a small town. Is this

Wembley. He shouted. No the other one said it's Thursday.

So Ahmed said the first one let's get off and have a drink.

Well I need before we play the other versions let's note some of the unusual changes that have occurred.

By the end of the series the proper name Wembley had turned into flipper will station a rather

fantastic distortion. I think our audience will be interested in tracing how this change came

about.

And another obvious change concerns the tone of the joke in the original part of the humor I think

lies in the surprising turn of events by which the two men suddenly change their

plans right instead of proceeding to their destination they suddenly decide to go to the nearest

bar.

And in the final version there's no mention of drinking at all. As our audience listens they will want to

notice how drinking comes to be left out. There's one other important thing to

notice the joke was just used as an illustration of a general point about

communication. What happens to this general point.

Well let's play these successive copies of the original and ask our audience to listen

particularly to how these three changes developed first how Wembley becomes whippoorwill station

drinking disappears completely and finally how the general point is distorted.

Well here's the story as repeated repeated by the student who heard from me in

communications the hardest thing to overcome is noise and to overcome noise we usually

speak louder so that the person that we're speaking to can hear us. For an

example of this two men were riding home on a bus or a noisy bus with noisy

children. And the man didn't speak too much because of the noise.

But they haven't been going to this town. And one fellow says is this

Wembley and the other fella says no this is Thursday. He says so my

let's get off and get a drink.

I wonder if our audience caught any change in the plantation of that crucial word Wembley.

Well that was a very slight change unlike another one that I noticed the change from have a

drink to get a drink that might be slight on you but I never heard a child getting up in the middle of the

night to have a drink of water right.

You have an alcoholic drink you get a drink of water.

Well let's hear what happened in the next two versions.

The hardest thing to overcome in communication is noise. An

example of this is two men were riding home on a bus

and they're riding along and there was lots of noise and they didn't

talk much but they came past this one station and

the name of it was Wembley. So the man's yells off

this Wednesday is this Wimbley. And the other man says no

this is Thursday. A lot of the crowd. And so the

other guy said so much let's go off and get a drink.

The hardest thing to overcome in communications is now is a good example of this is

an incident that occurred the two men riding home on a bus in a bus

as natural as quite noisy and they came to this one station had been

talking but not to any great extent. They came to this one station and one gentleman asked the

others. This was when Playstation which it really was and other

gentleman because of the noise in a fair and said no this was

Thursday and jam and asked the first

question said I am too so let's get off and get a drink.

The change in the pronunciation of Wembley is not quite definite. It's now

Wimbley and the word station is added.

I noticed that the general point about noise is getting shorter but it's still there. Well

let's listen out of the fourth version of the message.

The hardest thing in community in trying to communicate to someone is nice. You know the hardest thing to

overcome in communicating and a good example of this is an example of these two men

who are riding on a bus and this bus is real real noisy and is a

protestation he says to the one guy. Is this Wembley station and

the other fellow. Because of all the noise on the bus you know you can't really understand and

he says no he says he he thought he said Thursday station.

This is Thursday he says.

Well I am too so let's get off the bus because he thought he said Thursday

Stan.

Yeah well the g thing I noticed was the uncertainty in the speaker.

She makes an obvious attempt to be explicit and she's really not sure that she's getting her point

across.

If she even asks whether he understands this doesn't help him feel more certain of

his Yaz full of doubt.

Well here are the next two versions. I think our listeners will see clearly the result of this cone

of uncertainty the distortion at this point becomes more destructive.

Well one of the most difficult things about communication is

noice it completely distorts the entire

sound and everything. And a good example of this was when

Woodward to a gentleman riding on a bus. And

so they were riding along and the one gentleman

I said gentleman if this was one play station.

Don't laugh it isn't funny. And so the next guy. It

was real noisy everybody was talking over things and he couldn't be

hearing very well because of the noise there. And so he asked him how he thought

that he meant Thursday that this is Thursday you know.

And so. Now that wasn't right either the guy the way that

he would have to be it would have to be that the guy probably thought that if the guy asked him if he was there's a

thirsty. And so he agreed he said yes I am. And

so they both got off the bus and that's when I got out of the whole thing.

Well the story I was just told was about in reference to

communication. And one obstacle in communication is noise. And this often

distorts a message so it's not campaign handed by the person very well. And this comes into

most communications because it's always around us everywhere

and it's easily comprehended and an example of noise is

to men. Gentleman running on a bus and the first gentleman said

is this Whipple station. But the other one didn't quite get what he said because of

all the noise on the bus about people talking and everything. And he thought he said Thursday is this

Thursday. So the other gentleman said yes

this is Thursday. And the other gentleman thought he said Are you thirsty. So the other one said

yes. And they both got off the bus. And that's what I got.

A lot has happened here honey. The boy obviously was quite confused and he

doesn't think it's funny. He gets all tangled up with Thursday and Thursday and he leaves out the drink

completely. The girl is about equally confused. She adds quite a bit to the

lecture on noise and its harmful effect. Probably because she was confused about the joke.

And incidentally she changes Wimbley to Whipple station.

Well these are small changes like the others that we've noticed. But now I think we can see that these

small changes produce greater distortion and mirror some of their parts right.

What you're saying is that noise doesn't just accumulate right it produces confusion

and out of that confusion a totally new structure may emerge. What happened to the general point about

noise is a good example. In the original the emphasis was on how to combat noise.

At this point the emphasis is on defining what noise is. Our subject in this

experiment college communications students made a wholly new reconstruction of the

point based on their knowledge of the topic.

Well every listener feels that a message must have some kind of structure. If small

changes blur the structure in the listener feels no freer to render it clearer.

But his new structure will be based on his ideas rather than those of the speaker.

Can we generalize on any at this point and say that all distortion is of three kinds.

Either something is left out or something is added or what amounts to a combination of

these two processes. Something is substituted. But before generalizing further

let's listen to the rest of the versions.

Here is the seventh story of the leper so

deals with communication.

It's about noise and how noise and what noise

noise affects us in our communication are communicating. Yet

it's around us all the time and in our subset every every bit of our

communication pattern and we can't get away from

noise. An example of this would be two men are

on a bus and one man says to the other man he says.

Just whippoorwill there's

whippoorwill station.

Me I said thought gee I don't know if he said that he said that he thought he said he said

he thought he said it was just Thursday. Like I said

yes this is the reasoning and the first man said Just whippoorwill station

that he said Are you thirsty. And he says no I'm not there is

thirsty.

That's all I noticed a couple things in this

version I noticed first that the telling of the message takes more time.

And here of course too is where a whippoorwill station comes in. But let's listen to the

last two versions.

We out this episode has to do with communication and. And no I think he has to

do with communication. And.

It's also how noise affects us every day and how how it

makes things different. An example of this would be about two men who are on a on a bath

and one man is the other one. If they were at a station named whippoorwill

and the first man he thought that he had said

it is a Thursday and he said yes. If there is they are

in the second man thought the first man with thinking about you know.

Are you thirsty. Anything. No I'm not thirsty. I saw.

This story has to do with communications communication and how noise

affects communication. There's a story about two men riding on a bus.

The first man as the second man if this station was a

whippoorwill.

The second man thought the first man and said Is this Thursday.

And the first man thought the second man and said to him

Are you thirsty.

Now we can see. Hearing this the second time that the last speaker when faced with an

extremely tangled mass of details has made a deliberate attempt to organize the message

he is subjected to some severe logic and has manufactured a clear and rigid

pattern. But we must say a pointless one.

Yes he collapsed the general statement into a logical phrase showing that

communication and noise are connected somehow. But of course the story as he told it doesn't really have a story.

Yes well on the basis of the many experiments we've done of this kind any would you be able to

predict what would happen to this message going through say nine more speakers and listeners.

Well eventually I think the message would be reduced to one. Remember a whole sentence or

maybe something like this. A man on a noisy bus was thirsty and he asked another

man if he heard a whippoorwill. And you know John our experiments have proved to us that

there is always going to be distortion but not what can be done about it.

Well first of all you mentioned that three ways of combating it in that story

make the message louder clearer and more often. In other words the speaker should

provide a wide margin of redundancy. But of course if we're not just talking about a

laboratory experiment we should say that in real life situations people make use of feedback

from one another to correct errors. But I suppose that one of the most important remedies is for both

the speaker and the listener to feel a responsibility to each other not to the mere words of

the message.

If they're truly in communication with each other then they will be engaged in a creative process

in effective communication then you're saying that the speaker plays the role of the

listener and the listener in the role of the speaker or to put it simply they try to make

allowances for human error rather. If we try to eliminate human error

they're bound to fail. And I'm afraid this is what our students probably trying to do.

Well in contrast Dani I've noticed that successful writers editors

speakers teachers those people whose livelihood depends upon clear communication have learned

this lesson. One of the most striking recent examples is Colonel John Glenn when he

described his first sensations in space his audience had had no experiences in common

with him.

Well I like to have our audience here an excerpt from his first press conference to show how he

naturally assumes that accurate communication is difficult.

How he accepts the responsibility and strives to avoid distortion

in this passage he's trying to convey his sensations of speed in our middle flight

and the flight about what the invasion of the speed of Christ is relative if you're in

a complete Again nothing to refer to you can be going almost any speed and you wouldn't

have any sensation of it.

I think the nearest I can come to it is most of you have flown on

jet airliners are flown in jet airplanes at 30000 feet or

so and I think the feeling of speed about the same as flying an

airliner such as that and looking down at maybe

at height the 10000 feet below you know if you're at 30 I think the

speed with which the ground goes out the money you have

from orbital altitude would be pretty close to that same speed.

It's difficult to describe this when you have nothing related to what I think

about it.

Well this is a fitting climax for a discussion of noise and distortion as

obstacles in the course of communication but even obstacles serve a purpose and we

should say before we close that if there were no noise or distortion in human

communication it would be a dull and static world we live in a world

without novelty or creative progress. The changes in perception caused by

noise are sometimes after all for the better. The legend of Robin Hood

and the tales of King Arthur for example are undoubtedly distortions of some ordinary

and much less appealing material.

And these are not unique. I suppose the joke about the man on the bus is a distortion of some

prosaic incident shaped by many hands in terms of the satisfying form.

We could probably find that the process of distortion has created or shaped many great human

achievements from recipes for crepe suzette to say Gothic

architecture. Maybe the best example of all is language. The English language

itself has reached its present form because of the countless tiny additions

subtractions and substitutions made by purposeful and fallible human

beings.

You have been listening to where minds meet a discussion of human communication by

Professor John Prine and Arnold Nelson where minds meet is produced

and recorded by W-M UK. I'm direct grant from the National Association of

educational broadcasters. This is the end of E.B. Radio

Network.