Psyc 195/295: Prevention of Heterosexism and Homophobia, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT June 12-17, 1995 THIS COURSE WAS OFFERED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE VERMONT CONFERENCE ON THE PRIMARY PREVENTION OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY (VCPPP): PREVENTION OF HETEROSEXISM AND HOMOPHOBIA (Chairs: Drs. Esther Rothblum & Lynne Bond, University of Vermont). Attendance at the conference was included as part of the course. Instructor: Jacqueline S. Weinstock, Ph.D. Methodology Center The Pennsylvania State University 159 Henderson Building South Phone: 814-865-3253 University Park, PA 16802-6505 Fax: 814-863-0000 Internet: JSW4@PSUVM.PSU.EDU BITNET: JSW4@PSUVM.BITNET Course Description This course will explore primary prevention and the personal, interpersonal, institutional and cultural dimensions of heterosexism and homophobia. It will examine strategies for overcoming and preventing heterosexism as well as ways heterosexism oppresses lesbians, gay men, bisexual women and men, and/or transgender (LGBT) people, and hurts heterosexuals. Attention will focus on areas of agreement and discord among and across various oppressed groups within and outside of LGBT communities, with the goal of furthering alliances against heterosexism and other oppressions. Class discussions, small group exercises, and individual writings will be used to facilitate the development of our analysis of heterosexism, heterosexual conditioning and homophobia, as well as to develop strategies for overcoming, dismantling and, ultimately, preventing heterosexism. I. Course Requirements A. Attendance: This 3-credit undergraduate/graduate course is offered in conjunction with the VCPPP conference, "Prevention of Heterosexism and Homophobia." Students are required to attend all conference sessions and one associated workshop. This includes attending the poster sessions, as well as attending and participating in at least one conversation and/or discussion hour with speakers and conference participants. Two additional class meetings will be arranged, in conjunction with student schedules, to facilitate the processing of conference presentations. B. Participation Active class participation is required. This involves, for example, participation in class activities and discussions, listening attentively and respectfully to speakers, students and other conference participants, engaging in conversations with conference presentors and/or participants, and completing a course evaluation (and an optional self-evaluation assessment). C. Readings There are two required books for this course. They are on reserve at Bailey-Howe as well as available at the University Store, UVM: Blumenfeld, Warren J. (1992). Homophobia: How We All Pay the Price. Boston: Beacon Press. Pharr, Suzanne (1988). Homophobia: A Weapon of Sexism. Little Rock, AR: Chardon Press. These readings should provide an introduction/background. Additional required readings (listed on an attached page, along with suggested readings) will provide more in-depth information and analysis of the issues under exploration. Those here for graduate credit are expected to read at least some of the suggested readings, as well as additional readings relevant to their paper topics. Copies of required readings (and some selected recommended readings) will be available at the reserve desk of Bailey-Howe Library, as well as in the xerox room in John Dewey Hall. Additional information on readings will be provided in class. Because the course is offered during a one-week period, only a few selected readings will be required during the actual course time. All other readings are required to be completed by July 14, 1995. All readings have been selected because they are both relevant/important to the topic of this course and to the completion of course papers. D. Course Paper The final paper for this course is due July 17, 1995, or postmarked July 14, at my Penn State address. Two copies of this paper should be submitted. The overall aim of this assignment is to facilitate the integration of all the materials and ideas explored in the course, as well as to move students beyond this information to reflecting upon how the understandings gleaned may inform prevention efforts with respect to heterosexism and homophobia. All papers must be typed, double-spaced, preferably in 12 point font (and no smaller than 10 point font). One copy with comments will be returned to students who send a self-addressed manilla envelope. UNDERGRADUATE CREDIT: Drawing on the course discussions, required readings, and conference presentations and discussions, (a) define/describe heterosexism and homophobia, with particular attention to the multiple dimensions or levels at which these exist AND the interconnections with other forms of oppression; (b) identify at least five different consequences of heterosexism and homophobia, being sure to include consequences across the various levels/dimensions; and (c) present a brief overview of prevention theory and how it is relevant to heterosexism and homophobia. Building on all of the above, (d) present and discuss at least 3 central issues to consider in the process of developing efforts aimed at preventing heterosexism. Finally, (e) identify and briefly describe your suggestions for dealing with the issues noted in (d) above. Suggested page limit--10-15 pages + references| GRADUATE CREDIT: Drawing on the course discussions, required readings, selected recommended and additional outside readings, and conference presentations and discussions, (a) define/describe heterosexism and homophobia, with particular attention to the multiple dimensions or levels at which these exist, the interconnections with other forms of oppression, and with social group processes; (b) identify at least five different consequences of heterosexism and homophobia, being sure to include consequences across the various levels/dimensions. Based on this, (c) present and discuss at least 5 central issues to consider in the process of developing efforts aimed at preventing heterosexism; be sure to tie in prevention as well as social/psychological theories/concepts, and a prevention perspective to your discussion. With these issues in mind, (d) evaluate at least 2 prevention efforts as described in conference presentations/workshops and/or readings. Finally, (e) identify and describe your own suggestions for preventing heterosexism, taking into account the issues noted in (c) above, prevention theory, and the available efforts at prevention to date. Explain your reasons for focusing on a particular level or aspect of heterosexism/homophobia, particular populations, particular processes, etc. Suggested page limit--20-25 pages + references| OPTIONAL: Self-Evaluation/Self-Reflection--Students are asked to critically examine their own experiences in the course in relation to their starting places, goals and objectives. While optional, this assignment is offered here as an opportunity for students to reflect upon the course from their own personal, professional and/or educational starting places and needs, to evaluate their performance/participation on the basis of these, and to help provide a more in-depth context to the instructor for understanding and interpreting students' performance/participation in this particular learning setting. Suggested page limit: 3-5 pages, typed, double-spaced, 10-12pt font| E. Course Evaluation Completion of a course evaluation is required for this course. Additional information will be provided. II. COURSE OUTLINE A. Monday, June 12, A.M. (9-12 noon): Heterosexism/Homophobia--Forms and Effects --Introductions/Student and Instructor Expectations, Goals, Concerns --Course Description/Structure and Requirements --Definitions/Descriptions of Key Terms and Concepts --Levels of Heterosexism/Homophobia (cultural, institutional, interpersonal, individual) --Effects of Heterosexism/Homophobia B. Monday, June 12, P.M. (2-5 p.m.): Heterosexism/Homophobia--Relationship to Other Forms of Oppression --Theories of Power and Privilege --Psychology of Oppression --Multiple and Intersecting Forms of Oppression --Sex, Sexuality and Gender; Transgender Movements (see also Tue p.m. session) --Implications for the Prevention of Heterosexism/Homophobia C. Tuesday, June 13, A.M. (9-12): Heterosexism/Homophobia--Prevention Theories and Models --Overview of Prevention Theories and Models (Dr. Melissa Perry) --Examples of Prevention Efforts --Implications for the Prevention of Heterosexism/Homophobia D. Tuesday, June 13, P.M. (2-5): Heterosexism/Homophobia--Diversities, Tensions, and Oppressions Among and Between LGBT Individuals and Groups --Exploring the Diversity of LGBT Individuals/Communities --Examining Tensions and Oppressions among and between LGBT individuals and communities --The Transgender Movement; Sex, Sexuality, Gender --Implications for Prevention of Heterosexism/Homophobia E. Wednesday, June 14, A.M. (9-12): Preventing Heterosexism/Homophobia--Where are We and Where are We Going --Exploring Existing Prevention Efforts, Models, Approaches; Issues to Attend To --Developing Models for the Prevention of Heterosexism/Homophobia (Choices to Make; Issues to Consider) --Examining Current Trends/Debates in LGBT Communities and Politics Additional Meeting Times 1. Thursday evening or late Friday afternoon--check-in; share information and thoughts. 2. Saturday afternoon--wrap-up; additional discussion of conference and paper assignment. III. REQUIRED READINGS NOTE: a. Some readings are required during the week of the course itself; these are identified with an asterik (*). b. Some readings are required for all students, while others are noted with a "U" to indicate a requirement for those taking the course for undergraduate credit, or a "G" for those receiving graduate level credit. c. Readings drawn from the two required books for this course are so noted. A. Heterosexism/Homophobia--Forms and Effects *Blumenfeld's "Introduction," in Homophobia: How We All Pay the Price (pp. 1-19). (required book) *Herek, Gregory M. (1995). Psychological heterosexism in the United States. In A. R. D'Augelli & C. J. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan (pp. 321-346). New York: Oxford University Press. Berrill, K. T. (1992). Anti-gay violence and victimization in the United States: An overview. In G. M. Herek & K. T. Berrill (Eds.), Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men (pp. 19-45). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. (G) Garnets, L., Herek, G. M., & Levy, B. (1993). Violence and victimization of lesbians and gay men: Mental health consequences. In L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 579-597). New York: Columbia University Press. Hamner, K. M. (1992). Gay-bashing: A social identity analysis of violence against lesbians and gay men. In G. M. Herek & K. T. Berrill (Eds.), Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men (pp. 179-190). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Herek, Gregory M. (1993). The context of antigay violence: Notes on cultural and psychological heterosexism. In L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 93-107). New York: Columbia University Press. Herek, G. M. (1993). On heterosexual masculinity: Some psychical consequences of the social construction of gender and sexuality. In L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 316-330). New York: Columbia University Press. (U) Jennings, Kevin (1994). Understanding heterosexism and homophobia. In K. Jennings (Ed.), Becoming visible: A reader in gay and lesbian history for high school and college students (pp. 24-38). Boston: Alyson Publications. (G) Jung, Patricia Beattie, & Smith, Ralph F. (1993). Heterosexism: An ethical challenge (pp. 13-33; pp. 89-113). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Levi, Jeffrey (1992). Homophobia and AIDS Public Policy. In W. J. Blumenfeld (Ed.), Homophobia: How we all pay the price (pp. 217-232). Boston: Beacon Press. required book| B. Preventing Heterosexism/Homophobia--I. Relationship to Other Forms of Oppression *Pharr's chapters, "Homophobia: A Weapon of Sexism" (pp. 1-26), and "The Common Elements of Oppressions," (pp. 53-64), in Homophobia: A Weapon of Sexism. (required book) (G) Bulhan, H. A. (1985). Toward a psychology of liberation. In Frantz Fanon and the psychology of oppression (pp. 251-278). New York: Plenum Press. Blasingame, B. M. (1993). The roots of biphobia: Racism and internalized heterosexism. In E. R. Weise (Ed.), Closer to home: Bisexuality and feminism (pp. 47-53). Seattle, WA: The Seal Press. Griffin, J. T. (1991). Racism and humiliation in the African-American community. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 12, 149-167. Kirshbaum, H. (1991). Disability and humiliation. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 12, 169-181. Pellegrini, Ann (1992). S(h)ifting the terms of hetero/sexism: Gender, power, homophobias. In W. J. Blumenfeld (Ed.), Homophobia: How we all pay the price (pp. 39-56). Boston: Beacon Press. required book| Pharr, Suzanna (1988). Homophobia: A weapon of sexism (pp. 65-91). required book| Pheterson, G. (1986). Alliances between women: Overcoming internalized oppression and internalized domination. Signs, 12, 146-160. Vzquez, Carmen (1992). Appearances. In W. J. Blumenfeld (Ed.), Homophobia: How we all pay the price (pp. 157-166). Boston: Beacon Press. required book| (G) Wellman, D. T. (1977). Prejudiced people are not the only racists in America. In Portraits of white racism (pp. 1-44). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. C. Preventing Heterosexism/Homophobia--II. Prevention Theories and Models *Albee, G. W. (1982). Preventing psychopathology and promoting human potential. American Psychologist, 37, 1043-1050. *Albee, G. W. (1984). Prologue: A model for classifying prevention programs. In J. M. Joffe, G. W. Albee, & L. D. Kelly (Eds.), Readings in primary prevention of psychopathology (ix-xviii). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. Albee, G. W. (1986). Facts and fallacies about primary prevention. Journal of Primary Prevention, 6, 207-217. Joffe, J. M., Albee, G. W., & Kelly, L. D. (Eds.) (1984). Readings in primary prevention of psychopathology: Section I. Introduction to primary prevention (pp. 1-51). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. D. Preventing Heterosexism/Homophobia--III. LGBT Communities: Diversity Within; Tensions/Oppressions Between **Select one of the starred readings for overnight prep. for class *Allison, D. (1993). A question of class. In A. Stein (Ed.), Sisters, sexperts, queers: Beyond the lesbian nation (pp. 133-155). New York: Penguin Books. *Bloom, A. (1994, July). The body lies. The New Yorker, pp. 38-49. *Copper, B. (1990). The view from over the hill. In J. Allen (Ed.), Lesbian philosophies and cultures (pp. 219-239). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. *Franchild, E. (1990). 'You do so well.' A blind lesbian responds to her sighted sisters. In J. Allen (Ed.), Lesbian philosophies and cultures (pp. 181-191). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. *Fung, R. (1995). The trouble with "Asians." In M. Dorenkamp & R. Henke (Eds.), Negotiating lesbian and gay subjects (pp. 123-129). New York: Routledge. (U) Loiacano, D. K. (1993). Gay identity issues among Black Americans: Racism, homophobia, and the need for validation. In L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 365-375). New York: Columbia University Press. (G) Raymond, J. (1994). Introduction to the 1994 edition. In The transsexual empire: The making of the she-male (revised edition) (pp. xi-xxxv). New York: Teachers College Press. (G) Stone, S. (1991). The empire strikes back: A posttranssexual manifesto. In J. Epstein & K. Straub (Eds.), Body guards: The cultural politics of gender ambiguity (pp. 280-304). New York: Routledge. E. Preventing Heterosexism/Homophobia--Where are We and Where are We Going *Blumenfeld, Warren (Ed.) (1992). Part Four: Breaking Free (pp. 233-302). required book| *Pharr, Suzanna (1988). Homophobia: A weapon of sexism (pp. 45-52). required book| Berrill, K. T. (1992). Organizing against hate on campus: Strategies for activists. In G. M. Herek & K. T. Berrill (Eds.), Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men (pp. 259-269). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Berrill, K. T., & Herek, G. M. (1992). Primary and secondary victimization in anti-gay hate crimes: Official response and public policy. In G. M. Herek & K. T. Berrill (Eds.), Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men (pp. 289-305). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Kitzinger, C., Wilkinson, S., & Perkins, R. (1992). Theorizing heterosexuality. Feminism and Psychology, 2, 293-324. (G) Rhoads, Robert A. (1994). Coming out in college: The struggle for a queer identity (pp. 121-176). Westport, CN: Bergin & Garvey. (U) Silver, N. (1992). Coming out as a heterosexual. In E. R. Weise (Ed.), Closer to home: Bisexuality and feminism (pp. 35-46). Seattle, WA: The Seal Press. Signorile, M. (1993). A queer manifesto. In M. Signorile, Queer in America: Sex, the media, and the closets of power (pp. 363-368). New York: Anchor Books. F. Background Readings in LGBT Identities, Relationships, Communities, Politics (U) Berzon, B. (Ed.), Positively Gay: New Approaches to Gay and Lesbian Life. Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts. whole book recommended; pp. 3-15; 111-129; 235-260 required| (G) Bornstein, K. (1994). Gender Outlaw: On men, women and the rest of us. New York: Routledge. whole book recommended; pp. 21-52 required| (G) Brown, Laura S. (1995). Lesbian identities: Concepts and issues. In A. R. D'Augelli & C. J. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan (pp. 3-23). New York: Oxford University Press. (U) Feinberg, Leslie (1993). Stone Butch Blues. Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books. whole novel recommended; pp. 5-26 required| (G) Fox, Ronald C. (1995). Bisexual identities. In A. R. D'Augelli & C. J. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan (pp. 48-86). New York: Oxford University Press. Greene, B. (1994). Ethnic-minority lesbians and gay men: Mental health and treatment issues. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 243-251. (G) Gonsiorek, John C. (1995). Gay male identities: Concepts and issues. In A. R. D'Augelli & C. J. Patterson (Eds.), Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan (pp. 24-47). New York: Oxford University Press. (U) Ochs, R. (1992). Bisexuality, feminism, men and me. In E. R. Weise (Ed.), Closer to home: Bisexuality and feminism (pp. 127-132). Seattle, WA: The Seal Press. (G) Shively, M. G., & De Cecco, J. P. (1993). Components of sexual identity. In L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 80-88). New York: Columbia University Press. IV. RECOMMENDED READINGS A. Additional/Recommended Readings in Heterosexism/Homophobia--Forms and Effects Crisp, Quentin (1989). Homophobia. In Amy Appleby (Ed.), Quentin Crisp's book of quotations: 1000 observations on life and love by, for, and about gay men and women (pp. 146-162). New York: MacMillan Publishing Company. D'Augelli, A. R. (1992). Lesbian and gay male undergraduates' experiences of harassment and fear on campus. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7, 383-395. Harry, J. (1992). Conceptualizing antigay violence. In G. M. Herek & K. T. Berrill (Eds.), Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men (pp. 113-122). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Kite, M. E. (1994). When perceptions meet reality: Individual differences in reactions to lesbians and gay men. In B. Greene & G. M. Herek (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues: Vol. 1 Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 25-53). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Martin, A. D. (1982). Learning to hide: The socialization of the gay adolescent. In S. C. Feinstein, J. G. Looney, A. Schwartzberg, & J. Sorosky (Eds.), Adolescent psychiatry: Developmental and clinical studies, Vol. X (pp. 52-65). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Obear, K. (1991). Homophobia. In N. J. Evans & V. A. Wall (Eds.), Beyond tolerance: Gays, lesbians and bisexuals on campus (pp. 39-66). Alexandria, VA: American College Personnel Association. Signorile, M. (1993). Introduction: The closets of power. In M. Signorile, Queer in America: Sex, the media, and the closets of power (pp. xv-xxi). New York: Anchor Books. Taylor, A. (1983). Conceptions of masculinity and femininity as a basis for stereotypes of male and female homosexuals. In M. W. Ross (Ed.), Homosexuality and social sex roles (pp. 37-53). New York: The Haworth Press. (U) Weissman, E. (1992). Kids who attack gays. In G. M. Herek & K. T. Berrill (Eds.), Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men (pp. 170-178). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. B. Additional/Recommended Readings in Oppression and Relationships to Other Forms of Oppression--e.g., Stereotyping, Prejudice, Theories of Oppression, Multiple Oppressions, and Intersecting Oppressions Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company. Ashmore, R. D., & Del Boca, F. K. (1990). Conceptual approaches to stereotypes and stereotyping. In D. L. Hamilton, Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 1-35). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Bem, S. (1994). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on sexual inequality. New Haven: Yale University Press. Brittan, A., & Maynard, M. (1984). Sexism, racism and oppression. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Bulhan, H. A. (1985). Frantz Fanon and the psychology of oppression. New York: Plenum Press. required: Ch. 12; rest recommended| Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble: Feminism and the subversion of identity. New York: Routledge. Davis, A. Y. (1981). Women, race and class. New York: Random House. Fanon, Frantz (1963). The wretched of the earth. New York: Grove Press. Hamilton, D. L. (Ed.) (1981). Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. Herek, G. M., & Berrill, K. T. (Eds.) (1992). Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men. Newbury Park, CA: Sage. Kitzinger, C., Wilkinson, S., & Perkins, R. (1992). Special Issue: Heterosexuality. Feminism & Psychology, 2(3). Lorde, Audre (1984). Sister outsider: Essays and speeches by Audre Lorde. Freedom, CA: The Crossing Press. Ryan, W. (1971). Blaming the victim. New York: Vintage Books. Sacks, O. (1989). Seeing voices: A journey into the world of the deaf. Berkeley: University of California Press. Secouler, L. M. (1992). Our elders: At high risk for humiliation. Journal of Primary Prevention, 12, 195-208). Sedgwick, E. K. (1990). Epistemology of the closet. Berkeley: University of California Press. Swift, C. F. (1991). Some issues in inter-gender humiliation. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 12, 123-147. Taylor, S. E. (1990). A categorization approach to stereotyping. In D. L. Hamilton, Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 83-114). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. C. Additional/Recommended Readings in Prevention Theories and Models *See especially the VCPPP book series (listing of publications provided in conference materials) Fulani, L. (Ed.) (1988). The psychopathology of everyday racism and sexism. New York: Harrington Park Press. Hilliard, T. O. (1981). Political and social action in the prevention of psychopathology of blacks: A mental health strategy for oppressed people. In J. M. Joffe & G. W. Albee (Eds.), Prevention through political action and social change (pp. 135-152). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. Joffe, J. M. (1982). Approaches to prevention of adverse developmental consequences of genetic and prenatal factors. In L. A. Bond & J. M. Joffe (Eds.), Facilitating infant and early childhood development (pp. 121-158). Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. Prilleltensky, J. (1989). Psychology and the status quo. American Psychologist, 44, 795-802. Smith, A. (1990). Social influence and antiprejudice training programs. In J. Edwards, R. S. Tindale, L. Heath, & E. J. Posavac (Eds.), Social influence processes and prevention (pp. 183-196). New York: Plenum Press. D. Additional/Recommended Readings In LGBT Communities: Diversities, Tensions & Oppressions Among and Between LGBT Individuals and Groups Clark, C. (1981). Lesbianism: An act of resistance. In C. Moraga & G. Anzaldua (Eds.), This bridge called my back: Writings by radical women of color (pp. 128-137). New York: Kitchen Table Press. Crisp, Quentin (1989). Gender. In A. Appleby (Ed.), Quentin Crisp's book of quotations: 1000 observations on life and love by, for, and about gay men and women (pp. 109-132). New York: MacMillan Publishing Company. (G) Delany, S. R. (1995). Aversion/perversion/diversion. In M. Dorenkamp & R. Henke (Eds.), Negotiating lesbian and gay subjects (pp. 7-33). New York: Routledge. Diggs, M. (1993). Surveying the intersection: Pathology, secrecy, and the discourses of racial and sexual identity. Journal of Homosexuality, 26(2/3), 1-19. Kader, C. (1993). "The very house of difference": Zami, Audre Lorde's lesbian-centered text. Journal of Homosexuality, 26(2/3), 181-194. Levine, R. M. (1994, May/June). Crossing the line. Mother Jones, pp. 43-47. McRuer, R. (1993). A visitation of difference: Randall Kenan and Black queer theory. Journal of Homosexuality, 26(2/3), 221-232. Roman, D. (1993). Fierce Love and fierce response: Intervening in the cultural politics of race, sexuality, and AIDS. Journal of Homosexuality, 26(2/3), 195-219. Yoffe, E. (1994, November). Becoming a man. Details, pp. 57-64. E. Additional/Recommended Readings in "Where Are We and Where Are We Going" Berlant, L., & Freeman, E. (1993). Queer nationality. In M. Warner (Ed.), Fear of a queer planet: Queer politics and social theory (pp. 193-229). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. D'Augelli, A. R. (1994). Lesbian and gay male development: Steps toward an analysis of lesbians' and gay men's lives. In B. Greene & G. M. Herek (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues: Vol. 1 Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 118-132). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Garnets, L. D., & Kimmel, D. C. (1993). Introduction: Lesbian and gay male dimensions in the psychological study of human diversity. In L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 1-51). New York: Columbia University Press. Jeffreys, Sheila (1994). The queer disappearance of lesbians: Sexuality in the academy. Women's Studies International Forum, 17, 459-472. Jeffreys, Sheila (1993). The lesbian heresy: A feminist perspective on the lesbian sexual revolution. North Melbourne, Australia: Spinifex Press. (G) Jeffreys, Sheila (1993). A pale version of the male: Lesbians and gay male culture. In S. Jeffreys, The lesbian heresy: A feminist perspective on the lesbian sexual revolution (pp. 117-148). North Melbourne, Australia: Spinifex Press. Patterson, Charlotte (Ed.) (1995, January). Special Issue: Sexual Orientation and Human Development, Developmental Psychology, 31. Rhoads, Robert A. (1994). Coming out in college: The struggle for a queer identity. Westport, CN: Bergin & Garvey. Rust, P. C. (1992). Who are we and where do we go from here? Conceptualizing bisexuality. In E. R. Weise (Ed.), Closer to home: Bisexuality and feminism (pp. 281-310). Seattle, WA: Seal Press. Sampson, E. E. (1993). Identity politics: Challenges to psychology's understanding. American Psychologist, 48, 1219-1230. Schulman, S. (1994). My American history: Lesbian and gay life during the Reagan/Bush years. New York: Routledge. (G) Wertheimer, D. M. (1992). Treatment and service interventions for lesbian and gay male crime victims. In G. M. Herek & K. T. Berrill (Eds.), Hate crimes: Confronting violence against lesbians and gay men (pp. 227-240). Newbury Park, CA: Sage. F. Additional/Recommended Background/Introductory Readings in LGBT Identities/Individuals, Relationships, Communities, Politics Undergraduate| Baker, A. (1993, January). Better be ready bout half past eight. The Atlantic Monthly, pp. 93-100. Betty Berzon (Ed.), Positively gay: New approaches to gay and lesbian life. Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts. Bennett L. Singer (Ed.) (1994). Growing up gay/Growing up lesbian: A literary anthology. New York: New Press. Blumstein, P. W., & Schwartz, P. (1993). Bisexuality: Some social psychological issues. In L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 168-183). New York: Columbia University Press. Feinberg, Leslie (1993). Stone butch blues. Ithaca, NY: Firebrand Books. Jennings, Kevin (Ed.) (1994). Becoming visible: A reader in gay and lesbian history for high school and college students. Boston: Alyson Publications. Graduate| Bornstein, K. (1994). Gender Outlaw: On men, women and the rest of us. New York: Routledge. D'Augelli, A. R., & Patterson, C. J. (Eds.) (1995). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan. New York: Oxford University Press. Devor, H. (1989). Gender blending: Confronting the limits of duality. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Evans, N. J., & Wall, V. A. (Eds.) (1991). Beyond tolerance: Gays, lesbians and bisexuals on campus. Alexandria, VA: American College Personnel Association. Gonsoriorek, J. C., & Weinrich, J. D. (Eds.) (1991). Homosexuality: Research implications for public policy. Newbury Park: Sage. Kennedy, E. L., & Davis, M. D. (1993). Boots of leather, slippers of gold: The history of a lesbian community. New York: Penguin Books. (G) Kitzinger, C., & Wilkinson, S. (1995). Transitions from heterosexuality to lesbianism: The discursive production of lesbian identities. Developmental Psychology, 31, 95-104. Kurdek, L. A. (1995b). Lesbian and gay couples. In A. R. D'Augelli, & C. J. Patterson (Eds.) Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan: Psychological perspectives (pp. 243-261). New York: Oxford University Press. Peplau, L. A. (1993). Lesbian and gay couple relationships. In L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 395-419). New York: Columbia University Press. Savin-Williams, R. C. (1995). Lesbian, gay male, and bisexual adolescents. In A. R. D'Augelli, & C. J. Patterson (Eds.) Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan: Psychological perspectives (pp. 165-189). New York: Oxford University Press. Shapiro, J. (1991). Transsexualism: Reflections on the persistence of gender and the mutability of sex. In J. Epstein & K. Straub (Eds.), Body guards: The cultural politics of gender ambiguity (pp. 248-279). New York: Routledge. Signorile, M. (1993). Queer in America: Sex, the media, and the closets of power. New York: Anchor Books. Slater, S., & Mencher, J. (1991). The lesbian family life cycle: A contextual approach. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 61, 372-382. Stein, Arlene (Ed.) (1993). Sisters, sexperts, queers: Beyond the lesbian nation. New York: Penguin Books. Weinberg, M. S., Williams, C. J., & Pryor, D. W. (1994). Dual Attraction: Understanding Bisexuality (pp. 26-38). New York: Oxford University Press. Weise, Elizabeth Reba (1992). (Ed.), Closer to home: Bisexuality and feminism. Seattle, WA: The Seal Press. G. Additional Readings by Presenters/Participants in the VCPPP Conference Chan, C. (1993). Issues of identity development among Asian-American lesbians and gay men. In L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 376-387). New York: Columbia University Press. D'Augelli, A. R., & Garnets, L. D. (1995). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual communities. In A. R. D'Augelli, & C. J. Patterson (Eds.) Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan: Psychological perspectives (pp. 293-320). New York: Oxford University Press. D'Augelli, A. R., & Patterson, C. J. (Eds.) (1995). Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan: Psychological perspectives. New York: Oxford University Press. Espn, O. M. (1993). Issues of identity in the psychology of Latina lesbians. In L. D. Garnets & D. C. Kimmel (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay male experiences (pp. 348-363). New York: Columbia University Press. Greene, B. (1994). Lesbian and gay sexual orientations: Implications for clinical training, practice, and research. In B. Greene & G. M. Herek (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues: Vol. 1 Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 1-24). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Greene, B., & Herek, G. M. (Eds.) (1994). Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues: Vol. 1 Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Kitzinger, C. (1987). The social construction of lesbianism. Newbury Park: Sage. Kitzinger, C. (1995). Social constructionism: Implications for lesbian and gay psychology. In A. R. D'Augelli, & C. J. Patterson (Eds.) Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan: Psychological perspectives (pp. 136-161). New York: Oxford University Press. Kitzinger, C., & Perkins, R. (1993). Changing our minds: Lesbian feminism and psychology. New York: New York University Press. Ostrow, D. G. (1994). Substance abuse and HIV infection. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 17(1), 69-89. Ostrow, D. G., Beltran, E. D., Joseph, J. G., DiFranceisco, W., Wesch, J., & Chmiel, J. S. (1993). Recreational drugs and sexual behavior in the Chicago MACS/CCS cohort of homosexually active men. Journal of Substance Abuse, 5, 311-325. Ostrow, David| Peterson, P. L., Ostrow, D. G., & McKirnan, D. J. (1991). Behavioral intervention for the primary prevention of HIV infection among homosexual and bisexual men. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 12, 19-34. Patterson, C. J. (1995a). Families of the lesbian baby boom: Parents' division of labor and children's adjustment. Developmental Psychology, 31, 115-123. Patterson, C. J. (1995b). Lesbian mothers, gay fathers, and their children. In A. R. D'Augelli, & C. J. Patterson (Eds.) Lesbian, gay, and bisexual identities over the lifespan: Psychological perspectives (pp. 262-290). New York: Oxford University Press. Patterson, C. J. (1995c). Sexual orientation and human development: An overview. Developmental Psychology, 31, 3-11. Patterson, C. J. (Ed.) (1995d). Special issue: Sexual orientation and human development. Developmental Psychology, 31. Rose, S. (1994). Sexual pride and shame in lesbians. In B. Greene & G. M. Herek (Eds.), Psychological perspectives on lesbian and gay issues: Vol. 1 Lesbian and gay psychology: Theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 71-83). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Rose, S., Zand, D., & Cini, M. A. (1993). Lesbian courtship scripts. In E. D. Rothblum & K. A. Brehony (Eds.), Boston marriages: Romantic but asexual relationships among contemporary lesbians. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press. Ross, Michael| Gold, R. S., Skinner, M. J., & Ross, M. W. (1994). Unprotected anal intercourse in HIV-infected and non-HIV-infected gay men. The Journal of Sex Research, 31, 59-77. Rothblum, E. D. (1994a). I only read about myself on bathroom walls: The need for research on the mental health of lesbians and gay men. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 213-220. Rothblum, E. D. (1994b). Transforming lesbian sexuality. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 627-641. Rothblum, E. D., & Brehony, K. A. (1993). Boston marriages: Romantic but asexual relationships among contemporary lesbians. Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press. Rust, P. (1993). "Coming out" in the age of social constructionism: Sexual identity formation among lesbian and bisexual women. Gender & Society, 7, 50-77. Woods, J. D., with Lucas, J. H. (1993). The corporate closet: The professional lives of gay men in America. New York: Free Press.