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                              NOTES

1    Howard N. Fullerton, "Labor Force Projections: The Baby Boom
     Moves On," Monthly Labor Review, November 1991, p. 36.

2    "Beneath the Veneer: The Report of the Task Force on Barriers
     to Women in the Public Service," Canadian Government
     Publishing Centre, vol. 1, Ottawa, 1990, p. 61.

3    Ibid., p. 61-73.

4    U.S. Department of Labor, "A Report on the Glass Ceiling
     Initiative," Washington, DC, 1991.

5    5 U.S.C. 7201.

6    J. Edward Kellough, "The 1978 Civil Service Reform and Federal
     Equal Opportunity," American Review of Public Administration,
     vol. 19, December 1989, pp. 313-324.

7    See, for example, Gregory Lewis, "Gender and Promotions:
     Promotion Chances of the White Men and Women in the Federal
     White-Collar Occupations," The Journal of Human Resources,
     vol. XXI, 1986, pp. 406-419, and Gregory Lewis, "Men and Women
     Toward the Top: Backgrounds, Careers, and Potential of Federal
     Middle Managers," Public Personnel Management (Forthcoming).

8    Gregory B. Lewis, "Changing Patterns of Sexual Discrimination
     in Federal Employment," Review of Public Personnel
     Administration, vol. 7, Spring 1987, pp. 1-13.

9    J. Edward Kellough, "The 1978 Civil Service Reform and Federal
     Equal Opportunity," American Review of Public Administration,
     vol. 19, No. 4, December 1989, p. 320.

10   Ungar, Bernard L., "Federal Affirmative Employment: Status of
     Women and Minority Representation in the Federal Workforce,"
     GAO/T-GGD-92-2, Washington, DC, October 23, 1991.

11   General Accounting Office, "Federal Workforce: Continuing Need
     for Federal Affirmative Employment," GAO/GGD-92-27BR, November
     1991, p. 3.

12   We would like to acknowledge the assistance of Edith Berkowitz
     Needleman, doctoral candidate at Virginia Polytechnic and
     State University, with the focus group portion of this study.

13   References in this section to jobs in grades GS 13-15 include
     those classified as GM 13-15, a subset of GS 13-15 jobs
     created by the CSRA in 1978.

14   In January 1991, senior executives received a long anticipated
     pay raise which will substantially increase pensions for those
     who retire after January 1, 1994. As a result, most Federal
     agencies are anticipating more retirements than usual in 1994. 
     This was taken into account in the model.

15   It is possible to use statistical techniques to calculate the
     degree to which one variable; e.g., amount of education,
     affects a second variable; e.g., the average grade of men and
     women in the Federal Workforce.  It is then possible to remove
     the effect of the first variable (education) to determine
     whether men and women would still differ in terms of their
     average grade.  For example, in this report, the term
     "accounting for education" means that we removed the effect
     that education has on the difference between men's and women's
     average grade or number of promotions when we calculated the
     averages.  Once the effect of education has been "accounted
     for," any remaining differences in average grades or number of
     promotions must be explained by factors other than education.

16   "Profile 1992," special supplement in the Federal Times, June
     15, 1992, p. P12.

17   Sue Shellenberger, "Flexible Policies May Slow Women's
     Careers," Wall Street Journal, Apr. 22, 1992.

18   "Averting Career Damage From Family Policies," Wall Street
     Journal, June 24, 1992.

19   U.S. Merit Systems Protection Board, "Balancing Work
     Responsibilities and Family Needs: The Federal Civil Service
     Response," November 1991, p. 81.

20   See, for example, "On the Line: Women's Career Advancement,"
     Catalyst, New York, 1992, p. 27.

21   Ibid., p. 24-27.

22   See, for example, Deborah Tannen, "You Just Don't Understand,"
     Ballentine Books, New York, 1990.

23   See, for example, Madeline E. Heilman, "Sex bias in work
     settings: the lack of a fit model," in L. L. Cummings and
     Barry M. Staw, eds., "Research in Organizational Behavior,"
     vol. 5, JAI Press, Greenwich, CT, 1983, pp. 269-298.

24   Ibid. Also see Rosabeth Moss Kanter, "Men and Women of the
     Corporation," Basic Books, Inc., New York, 1977; and Jennifer
     Crocker and Kathleen M. McGraw, "What's Good for the Goose is
     Not Good for the Gander," American Behavioral Scientists, vol.
     27, No. 3, January/February 1984, pp. 357-369.

25   "Minorities," in this report, are those employees who
     identified themselves as American Indian/Alaskan Native,
     Asian/Pacific Islander, Black, or Hispanic.